Kosovo summary
In order to change the ethnic composition of Kosovo, between 1912 and 1941 a large-scale Serbian colonisation of Kosovo was undertaken by the Belgrade government. In the 19th century, there was an awakening of ethnic nationalism throughout the Balkans. Only in the ninth century can the expansion of a strong Slav (or quasi-Slav) power into this region be observed. It covers an area of 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi) and has a population of nearly 1.6 million, of whom the vast majority (approximately 92 per cent) are ethnic Albanians. Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008. The region was administered by the United Nations (UN) beginning in 1999.
There also exist multiple independent institutions defined by the constitution and law, as well as local governments. The Government exercises the executive power and is composed of the Prime Minister as the head of government, the Deputy Prime Ministers and the Ministers of the various ministries. In 2023, the country has established a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 16.3% as part of its broader objective to achieve carbon neutrality by the year 2050.
- Kosovo’s notable challenges are identified in the realms of persistent conflicts and societal safety and security, both of which are intertwined with the country’s diplomatic ties to neighbouring countries and its domestic social and political stability.
- In general, Kosovo Albanians define their ethnicity by language and not by religion, while religion reflects a distinguishing identity feature among Kosovo Serbs.
- The Serb minority of Kosovo, which largely opposed the declaration of independence, formed the Community Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija in response.
- Kosovo is a multiparty transitional republic with one legislative body; its head of state is the president, and its head of government is the prime minister.
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- Kosovo, about the same size as Jamaica or Lebanon, is the smallest country in the Balkans.
Kosovo Government
It was established in the 1st century AD, possibly developing from a concentrated Dardanian oppidum, and then was upgraded to the status of a Roman municipium at the beginning of the 2nd century during the rule of Trajan. On the other hand, Dardania maintained its independence until the year 28 BC, when the Romans, under Augustus, annexed it into their Republic. During Roman rule, Kosovo was part of two provinces, with its western region in Praevalitana and the vast majority of its modern territory belonging to Dardania. The Dardani retained an individuality and continued to maintain social independence after Roman conquest, playing an important role in the formation of new groupings in the Roman era. The flag of Dardania remains in use as the official Presidential seal and standard and is heavily featured in the institution of the presidency of the country.
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The festival is held each August in Prizren, and attracts numerous international and regional artists. The majority of the Muslim population of Kosovo are ethnic Albanians, Turks, and Slavs such as Gorani and Bosniaks. Following the independence of Kosovo in 2008, the Kosovo Police assumed the primary law enforcement responsibilities within the country.
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While the country faces challenges, such as high unemployment rates, the government continues to implement reforms aimed at promoting foreign investment and economic growth. In the second half of the 20th century, as a result of Serbian out-migration and higher Albanian birth rates, there was a dramatic shift in the ethnic composition of Kosovo. Nevertheless, under UN supervision, Kosovo developed the structures of an independent country, and in February 2008 it formally declared independence from Serbia. By the second half of the century, the largely Muslim ethnic Albanians outnumbered the predominantly Eastern Orthodox Serbs in Kosovo, and interethnic tensions frequently roiled the province.
- The Global Safety Report by Gallup, which assesses personal security worldwide through the Law and Order Index Scores for 2023, includes Kosovo among the top ten countries globally in terms of perceived safety and law enforcement effectiveness.
- The Kosovo Plain is drained by the northward-flowing Sitnicë (Sitnica) River, a tributary of the Ibër (Ibar) River.
- Six KLA members were charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes by the ICTY following the war, and one was convicted.
- At the same time Serbs and Montenegrins dominated the government, security forces, and industrial employment in Kosovo.
- Pristina does not have any regional hospital and instead uses University Clinical Centre of Kosovo for health care services.
- In 2018, the International Monetary Fund reported that approximately one-sixth of the population lived below the poverty line and one-third of the working age population was unemployed, the highest rate in Europe.
- Skiing takes place at the Brezovica ski resort within the Šar Mountains, with the close proximity to the Pristina Airport (60 km) and Skopje International Airport (70 km) which is a popular destination for international tourists.
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The local and national government plans to offer Gjakova Airport for operation under a public-private partnership with the aim of turning it into a civilian and commercial airport. It is Kosovo's only international nixbet casino login airport and the only port of entry for air travelers to Kosovo. The R6 Motorway, forming part of the E65, is the second motorway constructed in the region. Skiing takes place at the Brezovica ski resort within the Šar Mountains, with the close proximity to the Pristina Airport (60 km) and Skopje International Airport (70 km) which is a popular destination for international tourists.
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Ethnicity
Ethnic prejudices, stereotypes and mutual distrust between ethnic Albanians and Serbs have remained common for decades. Relations between Kosovo Albanians and Kosovo Serbs have been hostile since the rise of nationalism in the Balkans during the 19th century. The Kosovo War and subsequent migration have decreased the population of Kosovo over time. The country is the 11th most populous country in the Southeastern Europe (Balkans) and ranks as the 152nd most populous country in the world. According to the most recent census in 2024 by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, Kosovo's population is 1,585,566.
During the Balkan Wars, over 100,000 Albanians left Kosovo and about 50,000 were killed in the massacres that accompanied the war. However, this autonomy never materialised, and the revolt created serious weaknesses in the Ottoman ranks, luring Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece into declaring war on the Ottoman Empire and starting the First Balkan War. The underlying ethnic tensions became part of a broader struggle of Christian Serbs against Muslim Albanians. The larger, eastern part of Kosovo remained overwhelmingly Serb Orthodox, with a Catholic Albanian, and later Muslim Albanian, presence growing from the west by the 16th century.
